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The Chicago Manual of Style, first published in 1906, has long been a standard reference book for writers, particularly those in the disciplines of literature, history, and the arts.
This library guide covers the Notes and Bibliography System of Chicago Style, often used by those in the humanities and history. It does not include the Author-Date System, frequently used in the natural, physical and social sciences. Be sure you know which system your professor requires.
If you have a question not answered in this guide, ask your instructor, check with a librarian, or use the resources below.
The Chicago Manual of Style by ISBN: 9780226287058Publication Date: 2017The current version of the Chicago Manual of Style.
- Chicago Manual of Style Online
The online companion to the print version, citation quick guide, answers to common questions, tutorials, and more.
What is the Notes/Bibliography System?
Requirements of the Notes and Bibliography style:
- Include an alphabetized bibliography of full citations for each source. An example of a bibliography citation is shown at the bottom right of this page. In alphabetizing bibliography entries, use the first element of the citation, usually the author's last name. For some, the first element is the title. When alphabetizing by title, ignore initial articles (A, An, The).
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Insert a number in each place in your paper that references a source. This number is usually placed at the end of the sentence that discusses or quotes the source. Format this number as a superscript (above the line, like the number one that follows this¹).
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For each numbered reference in your text, include a note. You may use footnotes (a numbered list of citations at the bottom of the page where the reference appears) or endnotes (a page after the body of the paper that lists all of the references in the entire paper).
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When a bibliography is required, your professor might indicate that you may use shortened citations for all notes.
- When a bibligoraphy is not required, your professor might indicate that you may use a full citation in a note when referring to a source for the first time. If you refer to a source more than once, you may use a shortened citation for the subsequent notes. The short form of a note should always include the author(s) last name(s), the title (shortened if it exceeds four words), and the page(s) to which you are referring.
Components of Notes and Bibliography Style
Superscripted note reference within the text
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| Bibliography |
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Mitchelle, Terence R. People in Organizations: An Introduction to Organizational Behavior. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1987.
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