CHICAGO STYLE GUIDE
Welcome to the Chicago Style Guide!
To navigate to the different sections use the tabs above.
You can bookmark this page for quick access
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The Basics |
Introduction to Chicago Style and overview of the notes/bibliography system components |
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Formatting Your Paper |
Margins, indents, spacing, etc. |
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Notes and Bibliographies |
Formatting these sections |
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Elements of a Citation |
Rules for each element of the citation |
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Types of Sources |
Citation examples for print books e-books print articles electronic articles web pages miscellaneous sources |
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Quotations |
In-text citations, run-in (short), and block (long) quotes |
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Resources |
Help resources and printable resources. |
Special Thanks
A heartfelt thank-you goes out to the librarians at Lorain College in Ohio, who allowed IWU to adapt this library guide from theirs.
The Chicago Manual of Style, first published in 1906, has long been a standard reference book for writers, particularly those in the disciplines of literature, history, and the arts.
This library guide covers the Notes and Bibliography System of Chicago Style, often used by those in the humanities and history. It does not include the Author-Date System, frequently used in the natural, physical and social sciences. Be sure you know which system your professor requires.
If you have a question not answered in this guide, ask your instructor, check with a librarian, or use the resources below.
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The Chicago Manual of Style by ISBN: 9780226287058Publication Date: 2017The current version of the Chicago Manual of Style.
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Chicago Manual of Style Online
The online companion to the print version, citation quick guide, answers to common questions, tutorials, and more.
What is the Notes/Bibliography System?
Requirements of the Notes and Bibliography style:
- Include an alphabetized bibliography of full citations for each source. An example of a bibliography citation is shown at the bottom right of this page. In alphabetizing bibliography entries, use the first element of the citation, usually the author's last name. For some, the first element is the title. When alphabetizing by title, ignore initial articles (A, An, The).
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Insert a number in each place in your paper that references a source. This number is usually placed at the end of the sentence that discusses or quotes the source. Format this number as a superscript (above the line, like the number one that follows this¹).
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For each numbered reference in your text, include a note. You may use footnotes (a numbered list of citations at the bottom of the page where the reference appears) or endnotes (a page after the body of the paper that lists all of the references in the entire paper).
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When a bibliography is required, your professor might indicate that you may use shortened citations for all notes.
- When a bibligoraphy is not required, your professor might indicate that you may use a full citation in a note when referring to a source for the first time. If you refer to a source more than once, you may use a shortened citation for the subsequent notes. The short form of a note should always include the author(s) last name(s), the title (shortened if it exceeds four words), and the page(s) to which you are referring.
Components of Notes and Bibliography Style
The Chicago Manual of Style provides formatting information for a manuscript, but does not address formatting of student papers. This page provides basic information about components/format of the CMS Notes-Bibliography system.
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Chicago Style TemplateStudents are welcome to use this Chicago Style Paper Template (Microsoft Word Document). Please make sure that you check all Chicago Style format, footnotes, shortened notes, Bibliography entries, and other style elements against the Chicago Manual of Style.
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Chicago Style Guide, for 17th Edition (Western Oregon University)We recommend students look closely at this guide. Click on Paper Formatting under the Home button.
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Chicago Manual of Style Online
The online companion to the print version, citation quick guide, answers to common questions, tutorials, and more.
Always find out whether your instructor has specific requirements when you are writing a paper. Basic elements of a paper using Chicago style are as follows:
- A title page that contains:
- the title of your paper
- your name
- the class, the professor, and the date.
- Body of the paper.
- Footnotes on pages where references occur OR an Endnotes page on a new page after the body of the paper. To create a footnote in Microsoft Word press ATL + CTRL + F on your keyboard.
- A Bibliography. Off Campus Library Services has been told that Wesley Seminary students will use the Notes and Bibliography Style (footnotes on pages and a Bibliography following the paper's body).
Margins, Indents
- Leave uniform margins of at least 1 inch (2.54 cm.) at the top, bottom, left and right of every page.
- Indent all paragraphs in the body of the paper 1/2".
- Indent notes (footnotes or endnotes) 1/2".
- Use a hanging indent of 1/2" for Bibliography entries.
- Block indent long quotations 1/2".
Spacing
- Double-space the body of the paper.
- Double-space block quotes.
- Single-space each note (whether using endnotes or footnotes) and bibliography, but double-space between each entry.
- Insert a number when a citation is needed, preferably at the end of a sentence or clause or following quotation marks, if any. Format the number as a superscript (above the line). To format a number as superscript in Microsoft Word:
Type the note number, select it, then right-click. - Choose the Font option from the list.
- Under Effects, choose Superscript.)
- In the footnotes or endnotes, do not format the note number as superscript. See the videos embedded in the Formatting Your Paper tab for information on formatting Chicago Style Papers in Microsoft Word (PC and Mac).
- Always number notes consecutively, starting with 1. Numbers are followed by a period and a space. For more information, see the Chicago Manual of Style Online Section 14.20: Basic structure of a note.
- "In works with only a selected list of works consulted, full details must be given in a note at first mention of any work cited; subsequent citations need only include a short form." See the Chicago Manual of Style Online Section 14.19. "For a detailed discussion of notes, see Section 14.24-60. For shortened references, see 14.29-36."
- CMOS 17th Edition: Changes to use of Ibid. "In a departure from previous editions, Chicago discourages the use of ibid. in favor of shortened citations" as found in Section 14.29.
- If you choose to include a comment in a note, include it after the citation. Example: "5. Mitchell, People in Organizations, 25. This is the text of my comment." CMOS offers an additional example in Section 14.39, Substantive notes.
- CMOS also allows writers to include several citations in one note. See Section 14.57 for a detailed explanation and example.
- A bibliography is a list of references alphabetized by author's last name. If a citation has no author, use the title for alphabetization purposes.
- The bibliography is not numbered. For more information, see the Chicago Manual of Style Online Section 14.21: Basic structure of a bibliography entry.
- If multiple works have the same author, alphabetize by title. When an author is the sole author of one or more books and a co-author of other books, list the book(s) by the single author before the multi-author book(s).
- If you have more than one book by the same author, editor, coauthors, or corporate author in your bibliography, see the Chicago Manual of Style Online Section 15.16: Single author versus several authors - reference list order. Sections 15.17-15.20 should be consulted as well.
ELEMENTS OF A CITATION
Author(s)
Titles
Edition
Page Numbers
Journals: Volume Number, Issue, Page Numbers
Online Journals
Databases
Publication Date
Place of Publication
Publisher
- Author (or editor) is the first element in both notes and bibliography entries.
- Use the author's name as it appears on the title page or article heading.
- If there is no author, the first element of the citation is the article title.
- In full notes, type all author names in direct order, e.g., Charles Schultz.
- When initials are part of a name, separate with a space, e.g., C. S. Lewis.
- In shortened notes, type only author(s) last names, e.g., Schultz and Brown.
- In a bibliography reference, invert the first author's name (Schultz, Charles); additional author names are in direct order (Ron Brown).
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Authors |
Full Notes |
Bibliography |
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1 |
Charles Schultz. |
Schultz, Charles. |
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2 |
Charles Schultz and Ron Brown. |
Schultz, Charles, and Ron Brown. |
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3 |
Charles Schultz, Ron Brown, and Lucy VanPelt. |
Schultz, Charles, Ron Brown, and Lucy VanPelt. |
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4 |
Charles Schultz et al. |
Include all names. |
- Capitalization: Use CMS headline style for titles and subtitles of books and articles: Capitalize first and last words and other major words.
- Italics: Italicize book titles and journal names.
- Question Marks:
- If a title ends in a question mark, do not use a colon before the subtitle.
- if an article title ends with a question mark, do not insert a period after the quotation mark.
- Quotation Marks
- Enclose article titles in quotation marks. If an article title includes a quotation, enclose the quotation in single quotes, with double quotes around the entire article title.
- Shortening titles: Shorten a book or article title that is 5 or more words in a note, but do not shorten journal titles. Acceptable ways of shortening titles:
- Omit the initial article (A, The).
- Include only key words from the title.
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Original Title |
Shortened Title |
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Men and Events; Historical Essays |
Men and Events |
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The Empire of the Seas: A Biography of Rear |
Empire of the Seas |
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Wordmark Encyclopedia of the Nations |
Encyclopedia of Nations |
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Note the edition of a source in a note or reference if it is not the first edition; that is, if the source is a numbered edition, or if the title page reads, "revised edition."
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Numbered editions are abbreviated as shown below.
- A revised edition is abbreviated as "rev. ed." in the note, since elements are separated by commas, and "Rev. ed." in the bibliography since elements end in periods.
Sample Note:
Sample Bib:
Louis: Mosby, 2002.
- Books: Provide page numbers when referring to a chapter or section.
- Journal and Magazine articles: Provide start and end pages.
- Newspaper articles: No page numbers required.
- Electronic sources without page numbers (including e-books with variable page numbers due to text size): Provide identifying information, e.g., chapter number, paragraph number, heading or section title.
Journals: Volume Number, Issue, Page Numbers
- Journals typically have a volume number for every year of publication. For example, all issues of Art Education published in 2011 are part of Volume 64. Each issue published within a year (or within a volume) is numbered sequentially, Issue 1, 2....
- Page numbering: Some journals begin each issue with page 1, while others use continuous pagination: if Issue 1 ends on page 78, Issue 2 begins on page 79.
- The table below identifies the elements of an article citation. For more information, refer to the pages in this guide, Articles (Print) and Articles (Electronic).
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Information |
Included in a Citation? |
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Volume number |
Always |
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Issue number |
"The issue number should be recorded even if pagination is continuous throughout a volume or when a month or season precedes the year." See the Chicago Manual of Style Online Section 14.171: Journal volume, issue, and date. |
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Page numbers |
If referencing a passage, cite the relevant page number(s) only. If referencing an entire article, cite the entire page range. See the Chicago Manual of Style Online Section 14.174: Journal page references. |
Include a DOI (Digital Object Identifier) in your citation if one is listed. A DOI, appended to the address, https://doi.org/10..., links directly to the source. If no DOI is available, list a URL. Include the access date only if required by your professor.
Use CrossRef's Free DOI Lookup to find out if your resource has been assigned a DOI.
Sample Note:
12. Pamela Paul, "The Playground Gets Even Tougher," New York Times, October 10, 2010, 12, Academic Search Complete (54317717).
Sample Bib:
Books:
- Use the most recent date on the copyright page. If it has no date, use "n.d."
- If you have an idea of the date, enclose it in square brackets, e.g., [1951].
Magazines: Use the most complete date available on the cover or table of contents.
- The place of publication is usually found on the book's title page. If more than one city is listed, use the first.
- If a city is not well known, include the state, province, or country. Use state postal codes and abbreviate country/province as in Section 10.32 of CMS.
- Make sure to use a city's English name, e.g., "Rome" not "Roma."
- If no place is listed, use "n.p." in a note and "N.p." in a bibliography.
- The publisher's name is found on the title page.
- Omit initial articles from publisher names like A, An, and The.
- Omit common corporate designations like Inc., Ltd., Co., and Publishing Co., but retain special designations like Sons, Brothers, etc.
- Omit Press if doing so is not confusing. For example, use Abingdon rather than Abingdon Press but do not omit Press from Free Press. Also, do not omit Press from a university press name (e.g., Ohio University Press).
- Does the publisher name include and or &? Use either but be consistent.
- Is the publisher's name foreign? Do not translate.
- Is the publisher unknown (as with an older work)? Use place and date only.
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If the publisher's parent company appears on the title page, do not include it.
TYPES OF SOURCES
Articles (Electronic)
Articles (Print)
Books (Electronic)
Books (Print)
Websites / Webpages
Miscellaneous Sources
Color is used in the examples below only to help you identify the elements of a citation. You should not format your citations in color.
For more information about any particular element of the citation samples, e.g., if you want to know how to include and punctuate author information for items with more than one author, or for information about shortening titles, refer to the tab in this LibGuide titled Elements of a Citation.
If your question is not answered by the LibGuide, refer to The Chicago Manual of Style (see The Basics tab for a link to the catalog record for the CMS).
Access dates are given in these examples. However, they should be used only if your instructor requires them. CMOS 17th edition does not require access dates as part of full note or bibliography formats.
Electronic Journal Article
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Note (Full) Format → Sample →
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#. Author(s), "Article Title," Journal Title volume, issue (Date): page number or range, access date if required by instructor, DOI (preferred) or URL.
1. Sheryl Bobroff and Caren L. Sax, "The Effects of Peer Tutoring Interview Skills Training with Transition-Age Youth with Disabilities," Journal of Vocation Rehabilitation 33, no. 3 (2010): 143-157, accessed August 1, 2010, doi: 10.3233/JVR-2010-0523.
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Note (Short) Format → Sample →
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#. Author(s) last name(s), "Shortened Article Title," page number or range.
1. Bobroff and Sax, "Effects of Peer Tutoring," 143-157.
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Bibliography
Format →
Sample →
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Author(s) Inverted (only first author inverted, other in direct order). "Article Title." Journal Title volume, issue
(Date): page number or range. (Access date if required by instructor.) DOI (preferred) or URL.
Bobroff, Sheryl, and Caren L. Sax. "The Effects of Peer Tutoring Interview Skills Training with Transition-Age
Youth with Disabilities." Journal of Vocation Rehabilitation 33, no. 3 (2010): 143-157 (Accessed August 1, 2010). doi: 10.3233/JVR-2010-0523.
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Electronic Newspaper or Magazine Article
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Note (Full) Format → Sample →
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#. Author(s), "Article Title," Newspaper or Magazine Title, date, access date if required, URL (or DOI - not as likely to be available for a magainze).
1. Jeffrey Kluger, "When Plants Become Refugees," Time, November 9, 2010, accessed November 10, 2010, https://science.time.com/2010/11/09/when-plants-become-refugees/.
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Note (Short) Format → Sample →
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#. Author(s) last name(s), "Shortened Article Title," page number or range.
1. Kluger, "When Plants Become Refugees."
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Bibliography
Format →
Sample →
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Author(s) Inverted (only first author inverted, other in direct order). "Article Title." Newspaper
or Magazine Title, Date. (Access date.) URL.
Kluger, Jeffrey. "When Plants Become Refugees." Time, November 9, 2010. Accessed November
10, 2010. https://science.time.com/2010/11/09/when-plants-become-refugees/.
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Color is used in the examples below only to help you identify the elements of a citation. You should not format your citations in color.
For more information about any particular element of the citation samples, e.g., if you want to know how to include and punctuate author information for items with more than one author, or for information about shortening titles, refer to the tab in this LibGuide titled Elements of a Citation.
If your question is not answered by the LibGuide, refer to The Chicago Manual of Style (see The Basics tab for a link to the catalog record for the CMS).
Journal Article, Single Author (print)
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Note (Full) Format → Sample →
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#. Author, "Article Title," Journal Title volume, issue (Date): page number or range.
1. Sheila Stoeckel, "Translating Evidence Based Practice to Information Literacy Instruction," College & Research Library News 71, no. 8 (2010): 410-411.
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Note (Short) Format → Sample →
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#. Author last name, "Shortened Article Title," page number or range.
1. Stoeckel, "Translating Practice," 410-411.
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Bibliography
Format →
Sample →
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Author Name Inverted. "Article Title." Journal Title volume, issue (Date): page number or range.
Stoeckel, Sheila. "Translating Evidence Based Practice to Information Literacy Instruction." College & Research Library News 71, no. 8 (2010): 410-411.
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Magazine Article (print)
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Note (Full) Format → Sample →
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#. Author, "Article Title," Magazine Title, Date, page number or range
1. Michael D. Lemonick, "Is Anybody Out There?," Time, November 8, 2010, 58.
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Note (Short) Format → Sample →
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#. Author last name, "Shortened Article Title," page number or range.
1. Lemonick, "Is Anybody Out There?," 58.
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Bibliography
Format →
Sample →
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Author Name Inverted. "Article Title." Magazine Title, Date.
Lemonick, Michael D. "Is Anybody Out There?" Time, November 8, 2010.
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Newspaper Article (print)
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Note (Full) Format → Sample →
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#. Author, "Article Title," Newspaper Title, Date, page number or range
1. Steven Litt, "Cleveland Museum of Art's Atrium Skylight Rises at Last," The Plain Dealer, October 31, 2010.
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Note (Short) Format → Sample →
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#. Author last name, "Shortened Article Title."
1. Litt, "Cleveland Museum."
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Bibliography
Format →
Sample →
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Author Name Inverted. "Article Title." Newspaper Title, Date.
Litt, Steven. "Cleveland Museum of Art's Atrium Skylight Rises at Last." The Plain Dealer,
October 30, 2010.
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Color is used in the examples below only to help you identify the elements of a citation. You should not format your citations in color.
For more information about any particular element of the citation samples, e.g., if you want to know how to include and punctuate author information for items with more than one author, or for information about shortening titles, refer to the tab in this LibGuide titled Elements of a Citation.
If your question is not answered by the LibGuide, refer to The Chicago Manual of Style (see The Basics tab for a link to the catalog record for the CMS).
Electronic Book, Downloaded (various formats)
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Note (Full) Format → Sample →
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#. Author, Book Title (Publisher location: Publisher Name, Year), format information, location information.
1. Henry James, Washington Square (New York: Signet Classic, 2004), Fictionwise e-book, chapter 10.
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Note (Short) Format → Sample →
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#. Author last name, Shortened Book Title, location information.
1. James, Washington Square, chapter 10.
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Bibliography Format → Sample →
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Author Name Inverted. Book Title. Publisher Location: Publisher name, Year. Format information. James, Henry. Washington Square. New York: Signet, 2004.
Fictionwise e-book.
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Electronic Book, Accessed and Read Online
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Note (Full) Format → Sample →
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#. Author(s), "Section Heading," in Book Title (Publisher location: Publisher Name, Year), location information, URL or DOI.
1. Grady Booch, James Rumbaugh, and Ivar Jacobson,"Modeling the Context of a System," in The Unified Modeling Language User Guide, 2nd ed. (Upper Saddle River: Pearson Education, 2005), under "Chapter 18, Use Case Diagrams," http://proquest.safaribooksonline.com/0321267974.
NOTE: Edition is included only if the item is not the first edition.
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Note (Short) Format → Sample →
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#. Author(s) last name(s), Shortened Book Title, location information.
1. Booch, Rumbaugh, and Jacobson, "Modeling Context," under "Common Modeling Techniques."
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Bibliography Format → Sample →
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Author(s) Inverted (only first author inverted, other in direct order). Book Title. Publisher Location: Publisher Name, Year. DOI or URL. Booch, Grady, James Rumbaugh, and Ivar Jacobson, The Unified Modeling Language User Guide.
2nd ed. Upper Saddle River: Pearson Education, 2005. http://proquest.safaribooksonline.com/0321267974.
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Electronic Book, Copyright Expired, Freely Available Online
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Note (Full) Format → Sample →
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#. Author, Book Title (Publisher Location: Publisher Name, Year), location information, URL.
1. Fyodor Dostoyevsky, The Brothers Karamazov (New York: Lowell, n.d.), book 8, chap. 7, http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28054/28054-0.txt.
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Note (Short) Format → Sample →
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#. Author last name, Shortened Book Title, location information.
1. Dostoyevsky, Brothers, book 8, chap. 7.
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Bibliography Format → Sample →
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Author Name Inverted. Book Title. (Publisher Location: Publisher Name, Year). URL. Dostoyevsky, Fyodor. The Brothers Karamazov. New York: Lowell, n.d.
http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28054/28054-0.txt.
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Color is used in the examples below only to help you identify the elements of a citation. You should not format your citations in color.
For more information about any particular element of the citation samples, e.g., if you want to know how to include and punctuate author information for items with more than one author, or for information about shortening titles, refer to the tab in this LibGuide titled Elements of a Citation.
If your question is not answered by the LibGuide, refer to The Chicago Manual of Style (see The Basics tab for a link to the catalog record for the CMS).
A Book with a Single Author
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Note (Full) Format → Sample →
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#. Author, Book Title (Publisher location: Publisher, Year), page number or range.
1. Terence R. Mitchell, People in Organizations: An Introduction to Organizational Behavior (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1987), 55-57.
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Note (Short) Format → Sample →
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#. Author last name, Shortened book title, page number or range.
1. Mitchell, People in Organizations, 56.
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Bibliography Format → Sample →
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Author name inverted. Book Title. Publisher location: Publisher name, Year. Mitchell, Terence R. People in Organizations: An Introduction to Organizational Behavior. New York:
McGraw-Hill, 1987.
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A Book with an Author and Editor or Translator
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Note (Full) Format → Sample →
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#. Author(s), Book Title, trans./ed. Translator or Editor Name (Publisher location: Publisher, Year), page number(s).
1. Fyodor Dostoevsky, The Double: a Poem of St. Petersburg, trans. George Bird (Bloomington, Indiana University Press, 1958), 199.
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Note (Short) Format → Sample →
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#. Author last name, Shortened book title, page number or range.
1. Dostoevsky, The Double, 199.
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Bibliography Format → Sample →
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Author name inverted. Book Title. Translated /Edited by Translator/Editor Name. Publisher location:
Publisher name, Year.
Dostoevsky, Fyodor. The Double: a Poem of St. Petersburg. Translated by George Bird. Bloomington:
Indiana University Press, 1958.
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A Chapter in an Edited Book
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Note (Full) Format → Sample →
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#. Chapter author, "Chapter title," in Book Title, ed. Editor Name (Publisher location: Publisher, Year), page number(s).
1. Dorothy Kelly, "Writing Difference Itself," in Literature as Philosophy/Philosophy as Literature, ed. Donald G. Marshall (Iowa City: University of Iowa Press, 1987), 240.
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Note (Short) Format → Sample →
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#. Chapter author last name, "Chapter title," page number(s).
1. Kelly, "Writing Difference Itself," 240.
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Bibliography
Format →
Sample →
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Chapter author name inverted. "Chapter title." In Book Title, edited by Editor name. page range.
Publisher location: Publisher name, Year.
Kelly, Dorothy. "Writing Difference Itself." In Literature as Philosophy/Philosophy as Literature, edited by
Donald G. Marshall, 240-250. Iowa City: University of Iowa Press, 1987.
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Color is used in the examples below only to help you identify the elements of a citation. You should not format your citations in color.
For more information about any particular element of the citation samples, e.g., if you want to know how to include and punctuate author information for items with more than one author, or for information about shortening titles, refer to the tab in this LibGuide titled Elements of a Citation.
If your question is not answered by the LibGuide, refer to The Chicago Manual of Style (see The Basics tab for a link to the catalog record for the CMS).
For a source that does have a discernable publication or revision date, CMOS asks you to include an access date.
More information and examples of Notes and Bibliography entries for Website Content are available in the CMOS Online Notes and Bibliography Style: Sample Citations for Website Content.
Web Pages (e.g, a page on a website)
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Note Format → Sample →
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Author, "Title of Web Page," Page Owner or Sponsor, publication date or last modified date, access date if publication/modification date is not available, URL
"Google Search Basics: More Search Help," Google, accessed February 15, 2011. https://www.google.com/au/support/websearch/bin/answer/py?answer=136861
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Bibliography Format → Sample →
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Author, "Title of Web Page." Page Owner or Sponsor. Publication date or last modified date, access date if
publication/modification date is not available. URL
"Google Search Basics: More Search Help." Google. Accessed February 15, 2011.
https://www.google.com/au/support/websearch/bin/answer/py?answer=136861
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Color is used in the examples below only to help you identify the elements of a citation. You should not format your citations in color.
If you need to cite a type of resource not included in this LibGuide, refer to The Chicago Manual of Style (see The Basics tab for a link to the catalog record for the CMS).
Additional information and examples related to E-mail, Text Messages, or Direct Messages sent using social media applications can be found in the Chicago Manual of Style Online section on Personal Communication.
Book Review
If a book review has no title, omit the Review Title element shown in the examples.
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Note (Full) Format → Sample →
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#. Reviewer, "Review Title (if any)," review of Title of Book, by Author Name, Periodical Title <follow guidelines for periodical (newspaper, magazine, or journal) citations>.
1. Janet Maslin, "For Master of Surreal, This Cast Feels Real," review of Under the Dome, by Stephen King, New York Times, November 12, 2009, 1.
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Note (Short) Format → Sample →
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#. Author Last Name, "Shortened Article Title," location information.
1. Maslin, Master of Surreal, 1.
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Bibliography
Format →
Sample →
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Author Name Inverted. "Review Title (if any)." Review of Book Title, by Author Name.
Periodical <follow guidelines for periodical (newspaper, magazine, or journal) citations>.
Maslin, Janet. "For Master of Surreal, This Cast Feels Real." Review of Under the Dome, by Stephen
King. New York Times, November 12, 2009, 1.
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Unpublished Interviews
Cite only within text or in a note.
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Note Format → Sample →
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#. Person Interviewed (identifying information), interviewed by Interviewer Name (identifying information), place or date of interview (or both), transcript information if available.
1. Joe Smith (postal worker), interviewed by John Doe (student), November 2008.
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Bibliography
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Only include the citation for unpublished interviews in the bibliography if required by the instructor.
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Email or Text Messages
Cite only within text or in a note.
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Note Format → Sample →
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#. Author of Message, email message to Recipient Name, Date.
1. Clyde Beagle, email message to John Doe, September 30, 2008
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Bibliography
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Only include the citation for an email or text message in the bibliography if required by the instructor.
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A run-in quotation is one that is simply inserted within the text of your paper, enclosed by quotation marks. Use run-in quotations for short quotations; CMS considers quotations of less than 100 words as short.
CMS considers quotations of 100 words or more as long quotations. When you quote a long passage in your paper, format it as a block quotation:
- Start on a new line
- Indent 1/2" from the left margin
- Do not enclose in quotation marks
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Chicago Manual of Style 17th Edition (Purdue Owl)
Purdue Owl has information on the CMOS Notes-Bibliography System (NB).
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How to Document Sources in Chicago Style (Tarrant County College Libraries)(CMS 17th ed.; Notes and Bibliography)
Tarrant County College Libraries [Updated May 2018] -
Chicago Manual of Style References (University of Manitoba Academic Learning Centre)(CMS 17th ed.)
University of Manitoba Academic Learning Centre
OCLS PAPER FORMAT REVIEW
Would you like a second set of eyes to look at your paper?
OCLS Librarians will look at your paper and give you feedback on your CMOS notes, bibliographies, and other style elements. We review final papers only. We do not review grammar, spelling, or paper structure.
Please allow a minimum of two (2) business days (not including weekends or holidays) for OCLS to finish your Format Review. Longer papers may require additional time.
Email your paper to OCLS directly and request a review.
